This Dark colored Solar: Dionysus within the Idea with Friedrich Nietzsche in addition to Language of ancient greece Myth
By simply Gwendolyn Toynton, Primordial Cultures
(Footnotes Disregarded)
鈥淎ffirmation of lifestyle actually this it has the oddest and also sternest troubles, the desire your rejoicing to use personal inexhaustibility in the compromise of its top styles 鈥?that's what When i call the Dionysian鈥ot to get lessen disgrace and fear, not so about detox yourself of any harmful sensation by way of their vehement generate 鈥?it had been hence Aristotle grasped that - yet, further than pity as well as terror, to comprehend inside your self this everlasting enjoyment of becoming 鈥?that will delight that also features happiness around destruction鈥nd with this My spouse and i just as before get back to this location where My spouse and i lay out 鈥揟he Start connected with Misfortune has been my own first revaluation coming from all prices: with this My partner and i once more grow myself personally in the land out of which one My partner and i sketch everything that Let me and will 鈥?I, one more disciple of the philosopher Dionysus 鈥?We, the actual tutor in the long lasting recurrence鈥?TI, 鈥淲hat I actually Have on the Ancients,鈥?5) 22
It's really a recognized idea that many of the early writings of the The german language philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, revolve around any forecast connected with duality regarding the 2 Hellenic deities, Apollo and Dionysus. This specific dichotomy, which in turn very first seems to be in The Delivery with Tragedy, is consequently improved by way of Nietzsche in the afterwards performs so your traits with the God Apollo are mirrored along with consumed by his or her polar other, Dionysus. Though this specific theme has become looked at generally through philosophers, they have not really already been reviewed enough in terms of it is comparison to its the particular Traditional fallacies which usually pertain to the 2 Gods you want. Absolutely, Nietzsche wasn't any unfamiliar person to be able to Time-honored myth, intended for in advance of writing his philosophical operates, Nietzsche would be a teacher regarding Traditional Philology with the College or university of Basel. That desire for mythology can also be highlighted in the hunt for using mythology since instrument out of which to contour way of life. This Start associated with Misfortune is reliant upon Ancient greek language myth and also literature, and as well consists of most of the particular research where although produce his later premises. Environment a dark tone within the start with the Beginning associated with Tragedy, Nietzsche writes:
Most of us shall have gained a lot for any scientific discipline with appearances, after we perceive besides by means of plausible inference, although with a instantaneous confidence involving perspective, which the continuous continuing development of craft can be certain up with the particular Apollonian in addition to Dionysian duality 鈥?just like procreation is determined by the duality of your sexes, concerning never ending strife along with just periodically intervening reconciliations. A terminology Dionysian in addition to Apollonian most people borrow through the Greeks, whom show to the worrying head this outstanding secrets of the look at art work, not really, to make sure, around methods, but also in the actual greatly crystal clear figures with their gods. Via Apollo as well as Dionysus, both craft deities in the Greeks, many of us come to know that within the Ancient greek entire world at this time there existed an exceptional opposition鈥?
At first next, Nietzsche鈥檚 theory relating to Apollo in addition to Dionysus had been mainly worried about artistic theory, a way of thinking which he would likely later on broaden to some placement of predominance in the center associated with the idea. Considering Nietzsche select the science connected with looks for the reason that beginning to get his / her tips, it is also the point where all of us shall get started a contrast regarding his beliefs with the Hellenic Convention.
This resistance among Apollo and Dionysus has become the core designs in the Delivery regarding Disaster, but also in Nietzsche鈥檚 later on will work, Apollo is definitely described exclusively sporadically, if at all, and the amount happens to be totally superseded by his / her compete with Dionysus. Inside the Delivery regarding Tragedy, Apollo and Dionysus usually are obviously defined by Nietzsche, plus the spheres of these impact are cautiously demarcated. Throughout Nietzsche鈥檚 after writings, Apollo can be obvious with the advantage of his lack 鈥?Dionysus is still possesses ascended with a location of dominance inside Nietzsche鈥檚 viewpoint, nonetheless Apollo, who was simply a fundamental portion of a dichotomy presented from the Delivery regarding Loss, has faded away, almost without a search for. There is the truth is, an effective cause for the particular disappearance regarding Apollo 鈥?he is the truth is even now current, inside the figure with Dionysus. Exactly what will begin while in the Delivery connected with Misfortune as a dichotomy changes for you to activity throughout Nietzsche鈥檚 later operates, with all the brand Dionysus being employed to consult the particular unified aspect of either Apollo in addition to Dionysus, using what Nietzsche believes to the quintessential manifestation of each deities. Noisy . is effective the activity among Apollo & Dionysus is definitely incomplete 鈥?they can be continue to a couple the other guidelines 鈥?鈥淭hus in The Start regarding Loss, Apollo, the the lord of sunshine, beauty along with a good relationship is due to opposition to Dionysian drunkenness plus chaos鈥? A fraternal partnership connected with Apollo & Dionysus this types the idea associated with Nietzsche鈥檚 perspective is definitely, in line with the pup, depicted throughout art work, as well as especially in Ancient great loss. Ancient greek language catastrophe, by their blend of chat as well as chorus; photo along with tunes, exhibits to get Nietzsche your unification of your Apollonian in addition to Dionysian, your un through which Dionysian passion and also dithyrambic chaos assimilate having Apollonian gauge as well as lucidity, and unique disorder plus pessimism will be prevail over in a very awful approach which is affirmative in addition to daring.
When connected with Dionysian 鈥渢error鈥?occurs whenever [鈥 a intellectual disaster or even wandering arises, in the event the concept with individuation, which can be Apollo鈥檚 鈥渃ollapses鈥?[鈥 and offers technique to a different opinion, to your contradiction associated with hearings and perhaps extending its love to their own defeasibility so (the 鈥渆xception鈥?. It occurs 鈥渨hen [one] abruptly shed hope throughout [鈥 your cognitive form of phenomena. Equally desires [鈥 fulfill profoundly each of our innermost remaining, our common [deepest] soil [der gemeinsame Untergrund], so too, symmetrically, perform 鈥渢error鈥?plus 鈥渂lissful鈥?ecstasy鈥ell way up in the inner depths [Grunde] of person as soon as the stringent regulates of your Apollonian process relax. Next 鈥渨e take a new view in to the dynamics from the Dionysian鈥?
A Apollonian as well as the Dionysian will be a couple cognitive suggests during which artwork looks like the effectiveness of mother nature around person. Skill pertaining to Nietzsche is definitely mainly not an phrase involving customs, nonetheless really Heidegger calling 鈥渆ine Gestaltung des Willens zur Macht鈥?a symbol with the will for you to power. Because the will certainly to help electricity may be the substance to become itself, craft becomes 鈥渄ie Gestaltung des Seienden around Ganzen,鈥?a manifestation to be in general. This idea in the specialist being a creator, nicely your part of the imaginative practice as being the manifestation of the need, can be a key element of much involving Nietzsche鈥檚 imagined 鈥?it's the artist, this creator exactly who faithfully scribes the new importance kitchen tables. Investing in this in accord, we have to additionally support the chance that Thus Spake Zarathustra unwraps this entrances for a brand-new way of musician, who rather then handling paint or even clay-based, instead affords the Uebermensch, the particular designer which etches their interpersonal imaginative and prescient vision within the material regarding humankind itself. It is actually within the personality in the Uebermensch we understand the unification with the Dionysian (intuition) and also Apollonian (mind) because symbol of the desire in order to electric power, this agreement Nietzsche furthermore attributes these tautological price 鈥淭he Can to Simple truth is the Will to Power鈥? This specific assertion can be viewed when and thus by simply attributing the desire to help behavioral instinct, real truth is out there like a natural phenomena 鈥?it is accessible on their own from the mind, which often allows a number of interpretations of your real truth in their primordial express. The truth is placed mostly in the will probably, the particular depths of the mind, as well as first natural instinctual declare that Nietzsche identifies with Dionysus. Within the Lesbian and gay Scientific research Nietzsche states:
To the longest moment, considering seemed to be considered as solely cognizant, but now will we identify the reality that the ideal portion of our cerebral pastime is based on the particular spontaneous [鈥 notions connected with Schopenhauer with his fantastic training with the primacy in the will probably above the intelligence. The particular depths of the mind turns into a method of obtaining knowledge and knowledge which will accomplish on the basic facets of our existence, while the intellect will be kept to become a strong abstracting plus falsifying procedure which is led, not necessarily towards simple fact yet for 鈥渕astery plus ownership.鈥?
Hence the will to electricity originates not really from the mindful, but also in the actual subconscious. Okay a proposed dichotomy betwixt Dionysus and Apollo, within his in the future performs both the creative urges turn out to be progressively more joined, eventually accomplishing a place in his school of thought whereby Dionysus appertains not to a unique The lord, but instead your syncretism regarding Apollo and Dionysus with identical sum. 鈥淭he a couple craft hard drives have to happen their particular forces inside a tight quantity, in line with the rules of everlasting rights.鈥? With regard to Nietzsche, the very best objective with loss is usually obtained within the tranquility concerning two significantly particular realms regarding art work, between rules in which rule the Apollonian plastic disciplines and also world famous composition and those that rul the Dionysian craft of new music. To get entire and discover final competence on the artistic practice, a single ought to use the urges displayed through Apollo and also Dionysus 鈥?the particular instinctive need along with strong innovative energy associated with Dionysus, in addition to the actual technique in addition to intellectualism with Apollo鈥檚 workmanship 鈥?throughout amount of money equally all-natural artistic strength from your will probably as well as knowledge trained inside of a cultural group. This kind of distinction will hold accurate for anyone imaginative efforts and is not limited by the artistic approach; 鈥榳ill鈥?as well as 鈥榮kill鈥?should act harmoniously in addition to concord.
Around Nietzsche鈥檚 viewpoint, Apollo plus Dionysus are so closely entwined in respect of give these individuals inseparable. Apollo, for the reason that rule connected with overall look and of individuation, is the fact which in turn allows look and feel towards Dionysian style, devoid of intended for Apollo, Dionysus is still bereft regarding appearance.
That [Dionysus] seems in any way with such epic preciseness along with clearness is a perform of your desire translator, Apollo [鈥 Their designs have ideal instances of 鈥渢ypical 鈥榠deality,鈥欌€?epiphanies with the 鈥渋dea鈥?or 鈥渋dol鈥? simply masks and right after images (Abbilde[er]). To be able to 鈥渁ppear鈥?Dionysus will need to pass on the sort.
In his organic condition, Dionysus lacks the kind, it is only by means of flow back together with Apollo, whom represents the nature regarding sort that will Dionysus, for the reason that dynamics from the formless, can be shown so that you can united states in the least. Furthermore, Apollo without Dionysus will become lost in a realm of form 鈥?the sophisticated levels of abstraction based on the particular Dionysian reaction tend to be lack of. None god can function effectively minus the functions in the additional. Dionysus appears, naturally, just with thanks to the Apollonian basic principle. It is Nietzsche鈥檚 rendition of Apollo and also Dionysus, her reworking in the Hellenic mythos, forged in a potent philosophy containing affected most of the modern era. Yet the way close is this brand new meaning to the unique mythology in the age-old Greeks, and the way point about this is Nietzsche鈥檚 private development? It is renowned of which Nietzsche with his fantastic modern day Wagner equally spotted a worth throughout re-shaping outdated beliefs to build new socio-political beliefs. To fully fully grasp Nietzsche鈥檚 retelling in the Dionysus fantasy and also split the modern suggestions from that regarding a ancients, we should instead study the particular Hellenic options in Dionysus.
Misconceptions associated with Dionysus are often used to illustrate your new person or an outsider on the community for a database to the strange plus banned popular features of one more tradition. Unsavory qualities the fact that Greeks usually ascribe to help outsiders tend to be assigned to your pet, and other beliefs reflect their initial sexual rejection by the authority of the polis 鈥?but Dionysus鈥?start on Thebes, and also the visual appeal connected with her name about Linear T capsules, shows that this really is absolutely no unknown person, but in fact a local, which your invalidated unusual features attributed to be able to your pet are actually Ancient greek characteristics. Rather then to be a associated with unusual traditions whatever we actually are observing inside identity involving Dionysus may be the archetype in the outsider; someone that is located outside of the limits of your social convention, or who presents this troublesome element in community which sometimes simply by its dynamics outcomes a big difference or is taken away by way of the way of life which their extremely existence intends to correct. Dionysus presents since Plutarch witnessed, 鈥渢he overall rainy element鈥?in nature 鈥?blood, seminal fluid, sap, vino, and everything everything giving juices. He is in reality a activity involving each disorder and style, involving orgiastic desires in addition to experienced claims 鈥?during one particular with the lifetime of mother nature as well as its eternal period connected with beginning as well as dying, associated with devastation and also design. This troublesome factor, by being of this particular our blood, sperm, drain, in addition to wine is an obvious metaphor to the crucial power themselves, the actual moist aspect, currently being representative of 鈥渓ife from the raw鈥? This notion of 鈥渓ife鈥?is actually ornately spread in the amount regarding Dionysus within the esoteric knowledge of the cult, as well as throughout the philosophy of your Greeks independently, that experienced a couple of different terms for life-long, the two owning the same root as Vita (Latin: Lifetime) although present in totally different phonetic forms: bios as well as zo毛.
Plotinos known as zo毛 the particular 鈥渢ime of your soul鈥? during which a spirit, in their span of rebirths, progresses from a single bios to a new [鈥 the actual Greeks clung to your not-characterized 鈥渓ife鈥?that underlies each and every bios in addition to is an acronym in a very diverse marriage so that you can loss of life than will a new 鈥渓ife鈥?that features passing away among its traits [鈥 This specific encounter differs from the sum goes through that will represent the bios, the information of each particular person man鈥檚 written and also unsaid biography. The expertise of living without depiction 鈥?of precisely this living that 鈥渞esounded鈥?for that Greeks inside phrase zo毛 鈥?is definitely, conversely, indescribable.
Zo毛 will be Lifetime in their immortal as well as transcendent aspect, and it is consequently associated with the 100 % pure primordial think. Zo毛 will be the presupposition on the dying generate; demise prevails just in relation to zo毛. It is just a products regarding lifestyle in accordance with any dialectic it really is a course of action not really involving believed, but with living itself, from the zo毛 within each individual bios.
The opposite principal connections associated with Dionysus is using a chthonic features, and that we usually find him or her taking way of snakes. Using the myth connected with her dismemberment from the Leaders, a myth which happens to be firmly linked to Delphi, this individual was born with Persephone, soon after Zeus, consuming reptile style, had impregnated your ex. In Euripides Bacchae, Dionysus, staying the actual child of Semele, is often a the almighty connected with black along with terrifying undercover abilities; however being additionally your daughter connected with Zeus, he or she mediates between the chthonic in addition to civilized mobile phone industry's, all over again taking part in a function of the liminal outsider that will moves in transit collected from one of sector completely to another. By way of his or her connection along with healthy allows, an account of the temple is remaining for you to people using a medical doctor from Thasos: 鈥淎 forehead on view air flow, an empty oxygen naos using an ceremony plus a support of vine limbs; an excellent lair, usually natural; and for the sets off a place to sing the particular evoe.鈥? That is an acronym with strong distinction to Apollo, who has been displayed simply by design along with synthetic elegance. Moreover his songs had been radically dissimilar to that from Apollo鈥檚; 鈥淎 complete stranger, this individual must be said on the metropolis, to get their music is varied, never faraway along with dull like the audio connected with Apollo鈥檚 older lyre鈥? (Euripides Bacchae 126-134, 155-156)
Either Gods ended up occupied with the actual images connected with lifetime, skill, in addition to being many of us can observe quickly, the sun. Furthermore, nevertheless their particular aids ended up being primarily opposite, they a couple Gods have been fundamentally associated with a couple polarities for the very same drive, meeting once in a while inside excellent balance to show a good unfolding Hegelian dialectic that had been the imaginative process of lifetime alone as well as the clever character on the sun direction, for just when Dionysus had been the actual chthonic deity (plus get on purpose makes use of the statement Chthon rather than the statement Whirlpool - Chthon being pretty much underworld and also General electric staying the planet earth or maybe ground) and also Apollo must have been a Photovoltaic deity; however, not your natural part of the sun's rays as being a luxurious body, this became attributed by way of to your the lord Helios preferably. Relatively Apollo displayed the human beings aspect of the photovoltaic course (and in this particular they're corresponding to a Vedic deity Savitar), and its application towards the deadly realm; as an alternative to getting the light of the stars, Apollo would be the light of your thoughts: intellect and design. He's while vibrant as Dionysus can be darker 鈥?around Dionysus a thought, natural push involving zo毛 is definitely prevalent, for this chthonic community below soil as he is definitely immortal, his or her energy typically cannot be seen. They rules during Apollo鈥檚 shortage with Hyperoborea because the solar has transpired to an alternative acreage, the particular leadership of your vivid sun's rays has transpired as well as time of the actual black sun's rays begins 鈥?this black sunlight remaining a undetectable aspect of the pv journey, symbolized because of the leaving of Apollo on this delusion.
Apollo is usually pointed out inside link with Dionysus within Ancient greek fantasy. Inscriptions relationship from the lastly 100 years W.C., mention that Dionysos Kadmeios reigned along with Apollo on the assemblage regarding Theben gods. Likewise on Rhodes a trip known as Sminthia had been celebrated there in memory on the occasion these animals assaulted your vines at this time there in addition to have been ruined by Apollo and also Dionysus, exactly who shared a epithet Sminthios to the area. They are actually mentioned with each other inside the Journey (XI 312-25), and in situation on the passing away involving Koronis, who was chance through Artemis, and this from Apollo鈥檚 instigation because she had betrayed the particular the lord that has a deadly partner. Additionally, a twin peaks for Parnassos typically known as the 鈥減eaks with Apollo as well as Dionysus.鈥? The association in addition to praise having said that, was even additional meticulously entwined from Delphi, at as Leicester The low countries offers observed:
(1) Dionysus spoke oracles at Delphi in advance of Apollo do; (2) his or her bone tissues have been used in your container near the tripod; (3) this omphalos appeared to be his or her grave. It's famous, in addition, in which Dionysus seemed to be secondly just to Apollo in Delphian and also Parnassian praise; Plutarch, actually, assigns so that you can Dionysus the same present to Apollo inside Delphi
A Pindaric Scholiast suggests in which Python reigned over this prophetic tripod that Dionysus has been the first one to converse oracles; in which next Apollo mortally wounded a reptile and had through. This association involving Apollo and also Dionysus in Delphi, in addition, has not been on a his or her link to the particular Delphic Oracle. Most of us furthermore obtain that marriage echoed inside the commemoration of the Good deluge that was well known yearly for a Delphian event labeled Aigle, celebrated 2 or 3 days prior to a total celestial satellite involving The month of january or January, all at once as the Athenian Anthesteria competition, the final day's which had been dedicated to commemorating the sufferers of your Great Ton; this is one time of year any time Apollo seemed to be considered with Delphi another out of his sojourn among the list of Hyperboreans. Furthermore, Dionysus is said to get perished and also come back someone's inside ton. Apollo鈥檚 Hyperborean absence is the yearly death 鈥?Apollonios claims that Apollo drop cry any time he / she went to this Hyperborean land; thence streams your Eridanos, about whoever financial institutions this Heliades wail devoid of quit; and reduced tones came across the Argonauts when they sailed this lake associated with ruby holes. The time has come of Dionysus鈥?reign on Delphi during which he / she was the midst of Delphic praise with the 3 winter months, when Apollo was absent. Plutarch, themselves your clergyman from the Pythian Apollo, Amphictyonic established including a repeated visitor to your site for you to Delphi, affirms in which to get eight weeks your paean had been sung within Apollo鈥檚 complete at sacrifices, nevertheless at the start of winter weather your paeans all of a sudden ceased, in that case for three several weeks men performed dithyrambs plus dealt with by themselves so that you can Dionysus in lieu of so that you can Apollo. Chthonian Dionysus manifested themselves particularly at the wintertime festival once the individuals in the lifeless increased to steer briefly while in the top world again, while in the competition the Athenians termed Anthesteria, in whose Delphian version ended up being your Theophania. The actual Theophania noticeable the completed with Dionysus鈥?rule plus Apollo鈥檚 give back; Dionysus along with the spirits descended yet again to help Hades dominion. During this underworld factor Dionysus can be quite considerably pulled from like a the lord from the lifeless and the winter season; that represent alternatively immortal existence, the zo毛, that is doing work in Dionysian fringe movement to discharge psychosomatic efforts summoned through the depths who were discharged inside a real cult involving living. Dionysus is a depiction of transcendent primordial lifetime, existence of which persists perhaps while in the absence of Apollo (direct sunlight) 鈥?at as almost as much ast Apollo would be the Golden Solar, Dionysus will be the Dark-colored or perhaps Winter months Sunshine, ruling in the world beneath terrain whilst Apollo鈥檚 existence leaves for one more hemisphere, expended to opportunity seekers connected with Delphi, the cold winter months Sun's rays reigns within Apollo鈥檚 deficiency. Not even close staying antagonistic opposites, Apollo plus Dionysus ended up so carefully relevant with Ancient misconception in which in accordance with Deinarchos, Dionysus appeared to be wiped out in addition to buried on Delphi beside the golden Apollo. Likewise, within the Lykourgos tetralogy connected with Aischylos, the particular cry 鈥淚vy-Apollo, Bakchios, your soothsayer,鈥?is actually heard when the Thracian bacchantes, the actual Bassarai, attacks Orpheus, the actual worshipper involving Apollo along with the sunshine. The meow advises an improved understanding of the bond between Apollo as well as Dionysus, the particular dark the lord, with whom Orpheus declines towards the lustrous god. Inside the Lykymnios involving Euripides the same link is usually attested through the yowl, 鈥淟ord, laurel-loving Bakchios, Paean Apollo, battler of your Lyre.鈥? Similarly, look for one more paean by means of Philodamos tackled to help Dionysus out of Delphi: 鈥淐ome hither, Head of the family Dithyrambos, Backchos鈥?.Bromios right now from the spring鈥檚 almost holy phase.鈥? A pediments of your temple of Apollo furthermore depict on one side Apollo by using Leto, Artemis, and also the Muses, in addition, on lack of Dionysus along with the thyiads, and a floral vases painting involving d.400 M.T. indicates Apollo and also Dionysus in Delphi possessing its arms to each other.
An study involving Nietzsche鈥檚 doctrine in regards to the part associated with Apollo along with Dionysus with Hellenic myth therefore shows above a good lead simultaneous. Not just does Nietzsche know the characteristics in the level of resistance in between Apollo as well as Dionysus, he understood this kind of area of his or her fringe movement around the esoteric levels, in which their own forces, as an alternative to remaining antagonistic usually are as an alternative on the house, along with equally Gods undertaking not one but two distinct functional methods of a services of the public function, which often actually reaches the epitome associated with progress whenever both equally innovative processes are increased in combination in a person. Nietzsche fully understood a meaning with common myths plus materials in regards to the a pair of gods, and that he truly elaborated on it, contributing the whole shebang connected with Schopenhauer to make a complex philosophy concerning but not only the particular interplay of looks becoming the particular creative method, but also the characteristics of your will certainly and also the psychological approach familiar with create a specified form, which is exemplified inside her ideals of a Uebermensch plus the Free of charge Nature. These two higher types uncover their own inspiration from your synchronicity in the Dionysian and Apollonian pushes, for this reason precisely why within Nietzsche鈥檚 eventually performs following Beginning with Loss the Dionysian wish is described, this kind of phrase not being used to suggest merely Dionysus, but alternatively a well-balanced integration of the two pushes. This great connected with everlasting life (zo毛) is likewise found in Nietzsche鈥檚 concept involving Timeless Reoccurrence 鈥?it denies this classic everlasting nature of your unnatural God, nonetheless states the particular anniversary in the ever-creating along with ruining forces naturally plus guy, with regard to like the solar power significance regarding Apollo in addition to Dionysus, it is just a thought of cyclical moment. To help Nietzsche, this figure connected with Dionysus will be the gigantic acceptance with existence, your instinct as well as may in order to power, with all the will certainly to help energy being an manifestation of your can someone's and to reality in the best exaltation - 鈥淚t can be a Dionysian Yea-Saying around the globe which is, devoid of deductions, different and selection鈥t could be the top mind-set that your philosopher could arrive at; to square Dionysiacally for lifestyle: my solution because of this is amor fati鈥濃€? Dionysus is so to be able to the two Nietzsche plus the Greeks, the top phrase regarding Daily life in the primordial and also transcendent indicating, the secret power from the Dark Sunrays as well as subconscious reaction on the will.
Primordial Cultures - Courses Publishers of High Quality Creates Spiritual techniques plus the Esoteric
Similar Articles - Nietzsche, Dionysus, Apollo, Traditional Mythology, School of thought,
Email this informative article with a Friend!
Acquire Posts just like it immediate to the electronic mail package!Register totally free now!
No comments:
Post a Comment